2018屆高考英語書面表達解析及寫作技巧
英語:高考書面表達解析及寫作技巧
一、 解讀書面表達
書面表達是一個綜合性題目,要求考生根據所給圖畫、圖表、提綱(或者開放性)等,運用所學知識將提示信息組成句子,句子連成段,段連成篇。它不斷要求考生有豐富的語言語法知識,而且有較強的語言表達能力和邏輯思維能力。它也是一種融形式、文體、交際三位于一體的試題,所考查內容都體現在表達和傳遞信息的交流能力,因此,書面表達有交流性、實用性、合理性等特點。
近幾年來高考書面表達正在一步步地向考試要考語言運用能力這一方向改進,并采用了新的評分標準,因此要求考生語言的準確性和得體性,注重上、下文連貫,注重表達方式多樣化。新的評分標準提倡考生使用高級詞匯和復雜句式,運用過渡性詞匯增強文章連貫性。如果考生在表達中只是運用了簡單句,雖然表達了要求的信息,那么得分也不會高。因此,近幾年高考要求考生掌握詞匯要豐富,句式表達要復雜,適當地使用情感性語言。
二、各種題型的應試對策
1 圖畫作文 要求考生首先仔細觀察,讀懂圖意,抓住要點,按圖片順序編擬提綱,同時要注意圖片所給的時間、背景等相關信息,確定寫作的人稱、時態和語態。在寫作時還要適當地使用一些關聯詞、過渡句來加工潤色,使文章層次清楚、通順暢達。這種作文的難點在于要求考生能自己編擬出合適的要點,并且表達上要連貫。
2 圖表作文 要求考生能分析把握該圖表要表達的內容,確定主題,然后從圖表中歸納出相應要點來寫作。這種作文能有效考查考生的篇章結構組織能力,要求寫作具有邏輯性。
3 提綱作文 要求考生首先將所給出的要點進行組織,按照一定的邏輯順序用明白、恰當、得體的語言來表達;要盡量消除漢語式的英文表達。這種作文切忌逐字逐句漢譯英,使得文章支離破碎,不忍卒讀。相對來說,這種作文難度相對較小。
4 (半)開放性作文 要求考生能根據相當簡短的提示來寫作;或者要求續寫一段文字,或者寫出你的感想等等。這種形式為考生張揚個性提供了空間,答案不唯一,淋漓盡致地考查了考生發散思維和創新思維能力。它還可能包括改寫、縮寫等其他形式。近年來不少自主命題省(市)的高考試題有向(半)開放性過渡的趨勢。
三、書面表達的寫作步驟
1 審試題 觀察判斷要寫文章的類型和特點
2 圈要點 要點就是高考評分的給分點或者扣分點。要求在能在圖畫圖表等
提示上用簡單詞語標出所表達的內容。這樣做可以防止要點遺漏或者過分發揮。
3 定基調 即定出時態語態、人稱口吻、順序段落、開頭和結尾
4 寫全文 選擇熟悉短語和句型,一氣呵成
5 改病錯 看看是否有要點遺漏,字數是否符合要求,人稱、時態、主謂一致等方面的錯誤,以便及時修改
6 重抄寫 最后將修改好的文章抄寫在考卷上指定地方。要字跡工整。
四、書面表達注意事項
1 英語書面表達和語文命題作文不一樣。它是一種指導性作文,不允許考生自行立意,不能漫無邊際地發揮。字數(100左右)達不到要求或者超出范圍均要扣分。
2 注意正確使用英語標點符號和大小寫。
3 文中不要出現漢語式英語,遇到不會的詞匯,可以采用相近意思表達即可。
4 在書寫時要不勾不畫,卷面美觀。
附錄 1 常見的過渡表達法
附錄 2 英語中五種簡單句型解析
附錄 3 寫作常見經典句型(供參考)
附錄 4 關于寫作中的一般表達和高級表達
附錄 5 高考書面表達評分標準
附錄 6 高考書面表達常見錯誤及對策
附錄 1 常見的過渡表達法
一 表示時間的過渡詞
at first, next, then, after that, soon, soon/shortly after, finally, in the end, eventually, at last, lately, recently, since then, later, in no time, after a while, afterwards, to begin with, immediately, meanwhile=in the meantime=at the same time, so far,, suddenly, at the age of, as early as, as soon as, before, the other day, early in the morning, after/before dark, one day, one afternoon/evening
二 表示空間的過渡詞
to the left/right, on the left/right, on the opposite side, in the middle of, in front of, in the front of, at the back of, at the bottom of, on the edge of, on top of, opposite to, close to, next to, near to, under, over, below, above, across, around, behind, before, against
三 表示列舉和時序的過渡詞
first of all, in the first place, next, and then, finally, at the same time, to begin with, lastly
四 表示舉例的過渡詞
for example, for instance, for one thing…, for another…, such as, like, take …for example
五 表示對比或者比較的過渡詞
like, unlike, similarly, in the same way, compared to/with, while, still, on the contrary, different from, on the one hand…on the another (hand), in common (with)
六 表示增補的過渡詞
and, both…and, not only…but also, as well as, also=besides=furthermore=moreover,
in addition, apart from, what’s more, worse still=what’s worse= to make things/matter worse, including
七 表示因果的過渡詞
because, since=now that, as, for, therefore, thus, so, as a result, because of=on account of, thanks to, for this reason, if so, if not
八 表示目的的過渡詞
for this purpose, in order to do=so as to do, in order that=so that
九 表示讓步的過渡詞
though=although, in spite of=despite, after all, even if=even though, no matter what/when/where/how… =whatever/whenever/wherever/however
十 表示條件的過渡詞
if, unless, so/as long as, provided that=on condition that
十一、 表示強調的過渡詞
above all, indeed, in any case, in fact=as a matter of fact, in this case, in particular, obviously, anyway=anyhow, or rather
十二、表示解釋的過渡詞
that is (to say), in other words, or, namely
十三、表示轉換話題的過渡詞
by the way, i’m afraid, in my opinion, to tell you the truth, to be honest
十四、表示總結的過渡詞
in a/one word, generally speaking, in short=in brief=in a few words, in conclusion, on the whole, as has been mentioned/stated, it is quite clear that--, there is no doubt that--, it is well known that--, as we all know=as is known to us all, as/so far as i
know, to sum up= to summarize= in summary
十五、表示選擇或者排除的過渡詞
either…or…, or, without, except=but, instead of
十六、表示轉折的過渡詞
but, however, still, and yet
附錄 2 英語中五種簡單句型解析
英語基本句型有5種,即(1)主語+ 連系動詞+ 表語 (2)主語+ 謂語(+狀語) (3)主語+ 謂語+ 賓語 (4) 主語+ 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語 (5) 主語+ 謂語 + 賓語+ 賓語補足語 從5種句型來看,一個句子的核心部分是動詞。也就是說我們寫出來的任何句子總少不了動詞。 還有,句子的主語一般是名詞,代詞,---ing 形式, 不定式, 主語從句或者the + 形容詞等等。請看下列句子的主語:
china is a great country.
swimming is her favorite sport.
to finish that task calls for great skills and patience.
what he said at the meeting surprised us all.
the poor are looked down on by the rich.
句型一:主語+ 連系動詞 + 表語
常見的連系動詞有:be, look, seem appear, become, turn, get, feel, sound, smell, taste, grow, go (bad/wrong/mad/hungry/), come(true/loose), fall (asleep/ill), stay, remain, keep, stand, lie,etc.表語可以是名詞,形容詞,介詞短語,不定式,-ing 形式,-ed分詞,副詞等等。
句型二: 主語 + 謂語(+ 狀語)
此句型的謂語由不及物動詞或者相當于不及物動詞的短語來充當。狀語可以由副詞,形容詞,名詞,介詞短語,不定式,--ing形式或者with的復合結構等來充當。
句型三: 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語
此句型的謂語由及物動詞或者相當于及物動詞的短語來充當。賓語可以由名詞,代詞,不定式,--ing形式, 或者從句來充當.
句型四: 主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語
間接賓語和直接賓語一起稱為雙賓語。能夠帶雙賓語的動詞有如下一些:give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, pay, allow, wish, teach, promise, award, owe, refuse, make, buy, do, fetch, get, paint, spare, cook, sing, etc.
句型五: 主語 + 謂語 + 賓語 + 賓語補足語
賓語補足語由名詞,形容詞,副詞,介詞短語, --ing形式,--ed分詞,不定式等充當。
附錄 3 寫作常見經典句型(供參考)
1 it was + 時間段+before/ it was not long before/ it will (not) be + 時間段+before
2 it is(has been) + 時間段+since+ 過去時
3 be about to do…when
4 ……while……(表示對比)
5 not until… 的倒裝句型/ it was not until…that…(強調句型)
6 as…as(not as/so …as)/ more than/ more and more…/the more…the more
7 it +be+ 過去分詞/形容詞/名詞+to do/that-從句
8 it +不及物動詞(seem/appear/happen)+that-從句
9 it takes sb. some time to do sth.
10 there be 句型, 其中be 可以換成stand/live/lie/come…
there is no need to do/there is no point in doing/there is no difficulty in doing/there is no doubt that
11狀語從句句型, 比如if/unless/although/though/as long as/no matter +wh- /whether…or…/even if/ in case/so that/ in order that/ so…that/such…that…
12 祈使句(表條件)+and(then)+句子(表肯定結果)
祈使句(表條件)+or/or else/otherwise+句子(表否定結果)
13 so as to do/in order to do
14 too…to do/enough to do/only to do
15 think/find/feel/consider/make +it +賓語補足語(形容詞或者名詞)+to do
16 with+賓語+賓語補足語(形容詞/介詞短語/to do/doing/-ed)
17 幾種重要倒裝句型,比如no sooner… than/ hardly…when/only+狀語+…/not only…but also/neither(nor)…/so…
附錄 4 關于寫作中的一般表達和高級表達
解析新的高考評分細則,我們不難看出,運用高級詞匯、復雜句式和適當的過渡連接詞語是書面表達得高分的重要手段.這里我們所說的一般表達和高級表達指的是詞匯和句式兩個方面.
1. 學會使用從句
(1)使用定語從句
the girl is spoken highly of. her composition was well written. (一般)
the girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of. (高級)
(2)使用狀語從句
① i won’t believe what he says. (一般)
no matter what he says, i won’t believe. (高級)
② if you come back before six o’clock, you can go out. (一般)
you can go out on condition that you come back before six o’clock. (高級)
③ if she doesn’t agree, what shall we do? (一般)
supposing that she doesn’t agree, what shall we do? (高級)
2. 合理使用復雜的句型
① when he spoke, he felt more and more excited. (一般)
the more he spoke, the more excited he felt. (高級)
② who will be on duty today? (一般)
whose turn is it to be on duty today? (高級)
③ she can’t correctly pronounce the word. (一般)
she has trouble in pronouncing the word. (高級)
3. 適度使用高級詞匯
(1) as a result the plan was a failure. (一般)
the plan turned out to be a failure. (高級)
(2) she went to australia in order to study music. (一般)
she went to australia for the purpose of studying music. (高級)
(3) because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable. (一般)
thanks to the good weather, our journey was comfortable. (高級)
(4) when she heard he had died, she went pale with sorrow. (一般)
at the news of his death, she went pale with sorrow (高級)
體會下列翻譯是屬于一般表達還是高級表達?
1 一回到家他發現所有的窗戶都是開著的.
on arrival home he found all the windows open.
as soon as he arrived home, he found all the windows open.
the moment he arrived home, he found all the windows open.
no sooner had he arrived home than he found all the windows open.
2 等了大約半個小時車之后,我不耐煩了,決定打的去學校.
after waiting for the bus for about half an hour i became impatient. then i decided to take a taxi to school.
after waiting for the bus for about half an hour i became so impatient that i decided to take a taxi to school.
3 我們已經有5年沒有見面了.
it is five years since we last saw each other.
we haven’t seen each other for five years.
we haven’t seen each other since five years ago.
4 我還沒有到家就開始下雨了.
i didn’t arrive home, but it began to rain.
it began to rain before i arrived home.
5 他直到凌晨2點才回家.
he didn’t arrive home until 2 o’clock am.
not until 2 o’clock am did he arrive home.
it was not until 2 o’clock am that he arrived home.
6 王先生以前住在那間房子里.房子的后面有一個大的花園.
mr.wang used to live in a house with a big garden behind it.
mr. wang used to live in that house. there was a big garden behind it.
7 現在太晚了.我認為沒有必要去看他.
it is very late now. i think it is unnecessary to visit him
it is so late now that i think there is no need to visit him.
8 我準備出門,就在這時郵遞員送來特快專遞.
i was about to go out when the postman sent an ems.
i was leaving. just at that time the postman sent an ems. 附錄 5 高考書面表達評分標準
各檔次的給分范圍和要求:
1五檔(很好):(21---25分)
完全完成了試題規定的任務。
——覆所有內容要點。
——-應用了較多的語法結構和詞匯。
——語法結構或詞匯方面有些許錯誤,但為盡力使用復雜結構或較高級詞匯所致;具備較強的語言運用能力。
——有效地使用了詞語間的連接成分,使全文結構緊湊。
完全達到了預期的寫作目的。
2四檔(好):(16——20分)
完全完成了試題規定的任務。
——應用的語法結構和詞匯能滿足任務的要求。
——雖漏掉1、2個次重點,但覆蓋所要主要的內容。
——語法或詞匯方面應用基本準確,些許錯誤主要因嘗試較復雜的語法結構或詞匯所致。
——應用簡單的語句間的連接成分,使全文結構緊湊。
達到了預期的寫作目的。
3三檔(適當):(11——15分)
基本完成了試題規定的任務。
——雖漏掉一些內容,但覆蓋所有主要內容。
——應用的語法結構和詞匯能滿足任務的要求。
——有一些語法結構或詞匯方面的錯誤,但不影響理解。
——應用簡單的詞語間的連接成分,使全文內容連貫。
整體而言,基本達到了預期的目的。
4二檔(較差):(6——10分)
未恰當完成試題規定任務。
——漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要內容,寫了一些無關內容。
——語法結構單調、詞匯項目有限。
——有一些語法結構或詞匯方面的錯誤,影響了對寫作內容的理解。
——較少使用語句間的連接成分,內容缺少連貫性。信息未能清楚地傳達給讀者。
5一檔(差):(1——5分)
未完成試題規定任務。
——明顯遺漏主要內容,寫了一些無關內容,原因可能是未理解試題要求。
——語法結構單調、詞匯項目有限。
——較多語法結構或詞匯方面的錯誤,影響對寫作內容的理解。
——缺乏語句間的連接成分,內容不連貫。信息未能傳達給讀者。
附錄 6 高考書面表達常見錯誤及對策
根據corder(1967、1971)的理論⑵,語言運用的差錯可分為三類,第一類差錯(errors)是不符合語法規則的語言形式,反映學習者的語言知識和能力問題;第二類錯誤(mistakes)是指不符合語境的語言形式,反映學習者的語言運用問題;第三類差誤(slips 和lapses)是指口誤或筆誤,反映學習者的身體、精神以及情感等方面的狀態問題。以上三類問題在學生的書面表達中經常存在。具體表現在以下幾個方面:
(一)低級錯誤
是指那些最基本的錯誤,譬如拼寫(大小寫)錯誤;冠詞錯誤;名詞單數和復數的錯誤;主賓格的錯誤;介詞的誤用;形容詞和副詞的誤用;時態的錯誤;主謂一致等等。以上錯誤在寫作中最常見。避免的辦法是寫完后認真默讀一遍,仔細核對,一般可以自己改正。請看下列來自學生習作的錯句并加以改正。
1 i haven't see you for several month. hope you are very good.
2 suddenly i had a idea.
3 i asked he what happened.
4 i am back in china. thanks for help me in australia.
5 i felt sadly, because a few of my classmates laugh to me in class.
6 both my mother and my sister likes listen to pop music.
7 collect stamp is my favorite hobby.
8 i have been to england twice two years ago. i hope you to come to china for a visit.
9 i was absent yesterday because i have to look for my sister. she was ill at home
10 i hurt me when playing football yesterday afternoon. (二)句子結構錯誤
這種錯誤常見的有句子結構不完整(如漏掉be動詞);在表達時試圖用比較復雜的結構,但往往又事與愿違,丟三落四;2個句子之間缺乏連詞或多用連詞;寫出斷句(sentence fragment)等等。對策是學好英語中的復合句(包括定語從句,狀語從句和名詞性從句),重點把握連詞的用法;還要充分理解句子和句子的邏輯關系。
請看下列來自學生習作的錯句并加以改正。
1 my home town on the bank of the changjiang river.
2 guo jingjing, who has won two gold medals, she was born in hebei.
3 this is all what i know about it.
4 i have a good friend, his name is li lei.
5 last week our class went on a trip to a factory, it is a modern plastic factory.
6 i think you should put on more clothes. because it is very cold.
7 i don’t know that when they left here.
8 one morning it was raining strongly. however, i was late for school.
9 i don’t know where is the nearest post office.
10 english is not easy to learn well is a fact.
(三)中文式英語(chinglish)
由于受母語的影響,不少學生在寫作時往往習慣于用中文構思或把中文直接翻譯成英文,造成用詞不當或句子成分的缺失,結果經常出現不地道的漢式英語。這種錯誤的出現在書面表達中最多。避免這種錯誤的正確做法是:掌握英語句子的基本構成(五種簡單句的結構,即主語+謂語+賓語;主語+謂語+狀語;主語+連系動詞+表語;主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語;主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語);注意英文表達和中文表達在結構(順序)上的不同;注意英文和中文詞匯意義上的差別(尤其遇到難于表達或英語中沒有的詞匯可以采用解釋法);注意英語中的慣用句型;多讀短小精悍的文章,培養語感。請看下列來自學生習作的錯句并加以改正。
1 when you come, give me a telephone. ( 你來的時候給我一個電話。)
2 in the football match, our class won class 4 ( 在下午的足球比賽中我們班贏了4班。)
3 i very like english. (我非常喜歡英語。)
4 my name is li huai and i in 1985 was born in dalian. (我的名字叫李華。我1985年出生在大連。)
5 i have 165cm tall. my body is very good. (我有1米65。我的身體很好。)
6 i got no. 1 in the middle exam and then went to a key senior middle school.(我在中考中得了第一,然后上了一所重點高中。)
7 you have no need to look up every word when reading. (閱讀時你沒有必要查每一個單詞。)
8 china’s history is very long, has over 5,000 years. (中國的歷史很悠久,有5000多年了。)
9 outside is very cold. you had better not go out. (外面很冷,你最好別出去。)
10 in wait for a bus, the weather began to rain. (在等車的時候天下雨了。)