孫子兵法（英語）2

　　虛實第六

　　VI. Weak Points and Strong

　　孫子曰：凡先處戰(zhàn)地而待敵者佚，后處戰(zhàn)地而趨戰(zhàn)者勞。

　　Sun Tzu said: Whoever is first in the field and awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for the fight; whoever is second in the field and has to hasten to battle will arrive exhausted.

　　故善戰(zhàn)者，致人而不致于人。

　　Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not allow the enemy＇s will to be imposed on him.

　　能使敵人自至者，利之也；能使敵人不得至者，害之也。

　　By holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy to approach of his own accord; or, by inflicting damage, he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.

　　故敵佚能勞之，飽能饑之，安能動之。

　　If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him; if well supplied with food, he can starve him out; if quietly encamped, he can force him to move.

　　出其所必趨，趨其所不意。

　　Appear at points which the enemy must hasten to defend; march swiftly to places where you are not expected.

　　行千里而不勞者，行于無人之地也；

　　An army may march great distances without distress, if it marches through country where the enemy is not.

　　攻而必取者，攻其所不守也。守而必固者，守其所必攻也。

　　You can be sure of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places which are undefended. You can ensure the safety of your defense if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked.

　　故善攻者，敵不知其所守；善守者，敵不知其所攻。

　　Hence that general is skillful in attack whose opponent does not know what to defend; and he is skillful in defense whose opponent does not know what to attack.

　　微乎微乎，至于無形；神乎神乎，至于無聲，故能為敵之司命。

　　O divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn to be invisible, through you inaudible; and hence we can hold the enemy＇s fate in our hands.

　　進而不可御者，沖其虛也；退而不可追者，速而不可及也。

　　You may advance and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the enemy＇s weak points; you may retire and be safe from pursuit if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.

　　故我欲戰(zhàn)，敵雖高壘深溝，不得不與我戰(zhàn)者，攻其所必救也；

　　If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do is attack some other place that he will be obliged to relieve.

　　我不欲戰(zhàn)，雖畫地而守之，敵不得與我戰(zhàn)者，乖其所之也。

　　If we do not wish to fight, we can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground. All we need do is to throw something odd and unaccountable in his way.

　　故形人而我無形，則我專而敵分。

　　By discovering the enemy＇s dispositions and remaining invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while the enemy＇s must be divided.

　　我專為一，敵分為十，是以十攻其一也。

　　We can form a single united body, while the enemy must split up into fractions. Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts of a whole, which means that we shall be many to the enemy＇s few.

　　則我眾敵寡，能以眾擊寡者，則吾之所與戰(zhàn)者約矣。

　　And if we are able thus to attack an inferior force with a superior one, our opponents will be in dire straits.

　　吾所與戰(zhàn)之地不可知，不可知則敵所備者多，敵所備者多，則吾所與戰(zhàn)者寡矣。

　　The spot where we intend to fight must not be made known; for then the enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack at several different points; and his forces being thus distributed in many directions, the numbers we shall have to face at any given point will be proportionately few.

　　故備前則后寡，備后則前寡，備左則右寡，備右則左寡，無所不備，則無所不寡。

　　For should the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear; should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van; should he strengthen his left, he will weaken his right; should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left. If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak.

　　寡者，備人者也；眾者，使人備己者也。

　　Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks; numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations against us.

　　故知戰(zhàn)之地，知戰(zhàn)之日，則可千里而會戰(zhàn)；

　　Knowing the place and the time of the coming battle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in order to fight.

　　不知戰(zhàn)之地，不知戰(zhàn)日，則左不能救右，右不能救左，前不能救后，后不能救前，而況遠者數(shù)十里，近者數(shù)里乎！

　　But if neither time nor place be known, then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right, the right equally impotent to succor the left, the van unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support the van. How much more so if the furthest portions of the army are anything under a hundred LI apart, and even the nearest are separated by several LI!

　　以吾度之，越人之兵雖多，亦奚益于勝哉！故曰：勝可為也。

　　Though according to my estimate the soldiers of Yueh exceed our own in number, that shall advantage them nothing in the matter of victory. I say then that victory can be achieved.

　　敵雖眾，可使無斗。故策之而知得失之計，

　　Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent him from fighting. Scheme so as to discover his plans and the likelihood of their success.

　　候之而知動靜之理，形之而知死生之地，

　　Rouse him, and learn the principle of his activity or inactivity. Force him to reveal himself, so as to find out his vulnerable spots.

　　角之而知有余不足之處。

　　Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that you may know where strength is superabundant and where it is deficient.

　　故形兵之極，至于無形。無形則深間不能窺，智者不能謀。

　　In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you can attain is to conceal them; conceal your dispositions, and you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies, from the machinations of the wisest brains.

　　因形而措勝于眾，眾不能知。

　　How victory may be produced for them out of the enemy＇s own tactics--that is what the multitude cannot comprehend.

　　人皆知我所以勝之形，而莫知吾所以制勝之形。

　　All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved.

　　故其戰(zhàn)勝不復，而應(yīng)形于無窮。

　　Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory, but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety of circumstances.

　　夫兵形象水，水之行避高而趨下，

　　Military tactics are like unto water; for water in its natural course runs away from high places and hastens downwards.

　　兵之形避實而擊虛；

　　So in war, the way is to avoid what is strong and to strike at what is weak.

　　水因地而制流，兵因敵而制勝。

　　Water shapes its course according to the nature of the ground over which it flows; the soldier works out his victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing.

　　故兵無常勢，水無常形。

　　Therefore, just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare there are no constant conditions.

　　能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神。

　　He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby succeed in winning, may be called a heaven-born captain.

　　故五行無常勝，四時無常位，日有短長，月有死生。

　　The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth) are not always equally predominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn. There are short days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.

　　軍爭第七

　　VII. Maneuvering

　　孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命于君，

　　Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign.

　　合軍聚眾，交和而舍，

　　Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must blend and harmonize the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.

　　莫難于軍爭。軍爭之難者，以迂為直，以患為利。

　　After that, comes tactical maneuvering, than which there is nothing more difficult. The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists in turning the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain.

　　故迂其途，而誘之以利，后人發(fā)，先人至，此知迂直之計者也。

　　Thus, to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the enemy out of the way, and though starting after him, to contrive to reach the goal before him, shows knowledge of the artifice of deviation.

　　軍爭為利，軍爭為危。

　　Maneuvering with an army is advantageous; with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous.

　　舉軍而爭利則不及，委軍而爭利則輜重捐。

　　If you set a fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage, the chances are that you will be too late. On the other hand, to detach a flying column for the purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores.

　　是故卷甲而趨，日夜不處，倍道兼行，百里而爭利，則擒三將軍，

　　Thus, if you order your men to roll up their buff-coats, and make forced marches without halting day or night, covering double the usual distance at a stretch, doing a hundred LI in order to wrest an advantage, the leaders of all your three divisions will fall into the hands of the enemy.

　　勁者先，疲者后，其法十一而至；

　　The stronger men will be in front, the jaded ones will fall behind, and on this plan only one-tenth of your army will reach its destination.

　　五十里而爭利，則蹶上將軍，其法半至；

　　If you march fifty LI in order to outmaneuver the enemy, you will lose the leader of your first division, and only half your force will reach the goal.

　　三十里而爭利，則三分之二至。

　　If you march thirty LI with the same object, two-thirds of your army will arrive.

　　是故軍無輜重則亡，無糧食則亡，無委積則亡。

　　We may take it then that an army without its baggage-train is lost; without provisions it is lost; without bases of supply it is lost.

　　故不知諸侯之謀者，不能豫交；

　　We cannot enter into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of our neighbors.

　　不知山林、險阻、沮澤之形者，不能行軍；

　　We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are familiar with the face of the country--its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes and swamps.

　　不用鄉(xiāng)導者，不能得地利。

　　We shall be unable to turn natural advantage to account unless we make use of local guides.

　　故兵以詐立，以利動，

　　In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed.

　　以分和為變者也。

　　Whether to concentrate or to divide your troops, must be decided by circumstances.

　　故其疾如風，其徐如林，

　　Let your rapidity be that of the wind, your compactness that of the forest.

　　侵掠如火，不動如山，

　　In raiding and plundering be like fire, is immovability like a mountain.

　　難知如陰，動如雷震。

　　Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move, fall like a thunderbolt.

　　掠鄉(xiāng)分眾，廓地分利，

　　When you plunder a countryside, let the spoil be divided amongst your men; when you capture new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit of the soldiery.

　　懸權(quán)而動。

　　Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.

　　先知迂直之計者勝，此軍爭之法也。

　　He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation. Such is the art of maneuvering.

　　《軍政》曰：“言不相聞，故為之金鼓；視不相見，故為之旌旗。”

　　The Book of Army Management says: On the field of battle, the spoken word does not carry far enough: hence the institution of gongs and drums. Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough: hence the institution of banners and flags.

　　夫金鼓旌旗者，所以一民之耳目也。

　　Gongs and drums, banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes of the host may be focused on one particular point.

　　民既專一，則勇者不得獨進，怯者不得獨退，此用眾之法也。

　　The host thus forming a single united body, is it impossible either for the brave to advance alone, or for the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art of handling large masses of men.

　　故夜戰(zhàn)多金鼓，晝戰(zhàn)多旌旗，所以變?nèi)酥�耳目也�?

　　In night-fighting, then, make much use of signal-fires and drums, and in fighting by day, of flags and banners, as a means of influencing the ears and eyes of your army.

　　三軍可奪氣，將軍可奪心。

　　A whole army may be robbed of its spirit; a commander-in-chief may be robbed of his presence of mind.

　　是故朝氣銳，晝氣惰，暮氣歸。

　　Now a soldier＇s spirit is keenest in the morning; by noonday it has begun to flag; and in the evening, his mind is bent only on returning to camp.

　　善用兵者，避其銳氣，擊其惰歸，此治氣者也。

　　A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This is the art of studying moods.

　　以治待亂，以靜待嘩，此治心者也。

　　Disciplined and calm, to await the appearance of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy:--this is the art of retaining self-possession.

　　以近待遠，以佚待勞，以飽待饑，此治力者也。

　　To be near the goal while the enemy is still far from it, to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling, to be well-fed while the enemy is famished:--this is the art of husbanding one＇s strength.

　　無邀正正之旗，無擊堂堂之陳，此治變者也。

　　To refrain from intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, to refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and confident array:--this is the art of studying circumstances.

　　故用兵之法，高陵勿向，背丘勿逆，

　　It is a military axiom not to advance uphill against the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.

　　佯北勿從，銳卒勿攻，

　　Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight; do not attack soldiers whose temper is keen.

　　餌兵勿食，歸師勿遏，

　　Do not swallow bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an army that is returning home.

　　圍師遺闕，窮寇勿迫，

　　When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press a desperate foe too hard.

　　此用兵之法也。

　　Such is the art of warfare.

　　九變第八

　　VIII. Variation in Tactics

　　孫子曰：凡用兵之法，將受命于君，合軍聚合。

　　Sun Tzu said: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces

　　泛地無舍，衢地合交，絕地無留，圍地則謀，死地則戰(zhàn)，

　　When in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high roads intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger in dangerously isolated positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort to stratagem. In desperate position, you must fight.

　　途有所不由，軍有所不擊，城有所不攻，地有所不爭，君命有所不受。

　　There are roads which must not be followed, armies which must be not attacked, towns which must be besieged, positions which must not be contested, commands of the sovereign which must not be obeyed.

　　故將通于九變之利者，知用兵矣；

　　The general who thoroughly understands the advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle his troops.

　　將不通九變之利，雖知地形，不能得地之利矣；

　　The general who does not understand these, may be well acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet he will not be able to turn his knowledge to practical account.

　　治兵不知九變之術(shù)，雖知五利，不能得人之用矣。

　　So, the student of war who is unversed in the art of war of varying his plans, even though he be acquainted with the Five Advantages, will fail to make the best use of his men.

　　是故智者之慮，必雜于利害，

　　Hence in the wise leader＇s plans, considerations of advantage and of disadvantage will be blended together.

　　雜于利而務(wù)可信也，

　　If our expectation of advantage be tempered in this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the essential part of our schemes.

　　雜于害而患可解也。

　　If, on the other hand, in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune.

　　是故屈諸侯者以害，役諸侯者以業(yè)，趨諸侯者以利。

　　Reduce the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them; and make trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged; hold out specious allurements, and make them rush to any given point.

　　故用兵之法，無恃其不來，恃吾有以待之；無恃其不攻，恃吾有所不可攻也。

　　The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy＇s not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable.

　　故將有五危，必死可殺，必生可虜，忿速可侮，廉潔可辱，愛民可煩。

　　There are five dangerous faults which may affect a general: (1) Recklessness, which leads to destruction; (2) cowardice, which leads to capture; (3) a hasty temper, which can be provoked by insults; (4) a delicacy of honor which is sensitive to shame; (5) over-solicitude for his men, which exposes him to worry and trouble.

　　凡此五者，將之過也，用兵之災(zāi)也。

　　These are the five besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct of war.

　　覆軍殺將，必以五危，不可不察也。

　　When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the cause will surely be found among these five dangerous faults. Let them be a subject of meditation.

　　行軍第九

　　IX. The Army on the March

　　孫子曰：凡處軍相敵，絕山依谷，

　　Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood of valleys.

　　視生處高，戰(zhàn)隆無登，此處山之軍也。

　　Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much for mountain warfare.

　　絕水必遠水，

　　After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.

　　客絕水而來，勿迎之于水內(nèi)，令半渡而擊之利，

　　When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and then deliver your attack.

　　欲戰(zhàn)者，無附于水而迎客，

　　If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.

　　視生處高，無迎水流，此處水上之軍也。

　　Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move up-stream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.

　　絕斥澤，唯亟去無留，

　　In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without any delay.

　　若交軍于斥澤之中，必依水草而背眾樹，此處斥澤之軍也。

　　If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you, and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.

　　平陸處易，右背高，前死后生，此處平陸之軍也。

　　In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.

　　凡此四軍之利，黃帝之所以勝四帝也。

　　These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.

　　凡軍好高而惡下，貴陽而賤陰，

　　All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.

　　養(yǎng)生而處實，軍無百疾，是謂必勝。

　　If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be free from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.

　　丘陵堤防，必處其陽而右背之，此兵之利，地之助也。

　　When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground.

　　上雨水流至，欲涉者，待其定也。

　　When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.

　　凡地有絕澗、天井、天牢、天羅、天陷、天隙，必亟去之，勿近也。

　　Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses, should be left with all possible speed and not approached.

　　吾遠之，敵近之；吾迎之，敵背之。

　　While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them; while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.

　　軍旁有險阻、潢井、蒹葭、小林、□①薈者，必謹覆索之，此伏奸之所處也。

　　If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.

　　敵近而靜者，恃其險也；

　　When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natural strength of his position.

　　遠而挑戰(zhàn)者，欲人之進也；

　　When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other side to advance.

　　其所居易者，利也；

　　If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.

　　眾樹動者，來也；眾草多障者，疑也；

　　Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy wants to make us suspicious.

　　鳥起者，伏也；獸駭者，覆也；

　　The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.

　　塵高而銳者，車來也；卑而廣者，徒來也；散而條達者，樵采也；少而往來者，營軍也；

　　When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advancing; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows that parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and fro signify that the army is encamping.