英語 - 談?wù)劚粍诱Z態(tài)的用法 篇1

　　英語中及物動詞有兩種語態(tài)，即主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動詞be有人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。

　　一、被動語態(tài)的用法：

　　1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞

　　Our classroom is cleaned everyday.

　　I am asked to study hard.

　　Knives are used for cutting things.

　　2.一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞

　　A new shop was built last year.

　　Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

　　3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞

　　This book has been translated into many languages.

　　Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

　　4.一般將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞

　　A new hospital will be built in our city.

　　Many more trees will be planted next year.

　　5.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞

　　Young trees must be watered often.

　　Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

　　The door may be locked inside.

　　Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

　　6.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞

　　Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→

                               
語態(tài)(voice)，作為一個(gè)語法范疇，是表示主語和動詞之間的主動或被動關(guān)系的動詞行式。英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動語態(tài)(active voice)和被動語態(tài)(passive voice)。當(dāng)主語為動作執(zhí)行者即施動者時(shí)，動詞用主動態(tài)；如果主語是動作的承受者即受動者時(shí)，動詞便用被動態(tài)。例如：
(1) john helped peter.
(2) peter was helped by john.
句(1) helped是主動態(tài)；句(2)was helped是被動態(tài),可見主動態(tài)是無標(biāo)記的，而被動態(tài)是有標(biāo)記的。
構(gòu)成
被動語態(tài)由助動詞be的時(shí)態(tài)之一和及物動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。被動語態(tài)可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，其時(shí)態(tài)變化通過助動詞be的不同形式來體現(xiàn)。如：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為助動詞am/is/are + 過去分詞；而一般過去時(shí)的被動態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為was/were + 過去分詞。本冊要掌握的被動語態(tài)形式有：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are + 過去分詞
e.g. football is played all over the world.
i’m often asked to do this work.
我常常被派做這項(xiàng)工作。
一般過去時(shí)：was/were +過去分詞
e.g. the terracotta warriors were found in 1974 near xi’an.
they were discovered by workers in a field outside the city.
when was the building completed?
這座大樓什么時(shí)候建成的？
一般將來時(shí)：will (shall) + be +過去分詞
be going to + be + 過去分詞
e.g. the result of the exam will be known soon.
they are going to be given a difficult test.
一般過去將來時(shí)：should(would) be+過去分詞
e.g. the teacher said the results would be published soon.

        unit 2 不定式的被動語態(tài)----the passive infinitive一、不定式的時(shí)態(tài)1. he hopes to see (see) you again.2.i’m sorry to have lost (lose) your key.3. it happened to be raining (rain) when i got there.4. he appears to have been waiting (wait ) a long time.不定式有時(shí)態(tài)的變化，時(shí)態(tài)共四種，即不定式的一般式、完成式、進(jìn)行式和完成進(jìn)行式.不定式的一般式表示 動作在謂語動詞同時(shí)或之后發(fā)生不定式的完成式表示_動作在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生.不定式的進(jìn)行式表示 謂語動詞發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式表示的動作正在進(jìn)行不定式的完成進(jìn)行式表示 謂語動詞發(fā)生之前,不定式的動作一直在進(jìn)行而且可能之后也繼續(xù). 二、不定式的語態(tài)1.it is an honor for me to be asked (ask) to speak here.2.he thought it an honor to have been invited (invite) to the party.3.the books are not allowed to be taken  (take) out of the room.4. the book is said to have been translated (translate) into many languages.不定式還有語態(tài)的變化, 語態(tài)分為 主動語態(tài) 和 被動語態(tài)。語態(tài)   時(shí)態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式 to do  to be done完成式 to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式to be doing     /完成進(jìn)行式to have  been doing     /㈠.主動式( to do / to be doing /to have done/to have been doing)當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者時(shí).1. we want to learn english well.2. robert is said ____ abroad, but i didn’t know what country he studied in.(nmet99)

a.     to have studied  b. to study  c. made   d. to make㈡.被動式( to be done / to have been done)當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時(shí).1. he didn’t like to be laughed at.2. he claimed ____in the supper market when he was doing shopping yesterday.a.     being badly treated      b. treating badlyc. to be treated badly        d. to have been badly treated.不定式在句中用主動式還是被動式，多數(shù)情況下是容易判別的，但有時(shí)的確比較復(fù)雜，請注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.  在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中。在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中，用來修飾主語的不定式可以用被動形式，也可以用主動形式，在口語中用主動形式的時(shí)候更多一些。如：there is no time to lose (to be lost). 時(shí)間緊迫，不能耽誤了。 there are still many difficulties to overcome (to be overcome). 還有許多困難要克服。 但有時(shí)候用主動和被動可分別表示不同的意思。當(dāng)說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事時(shí)，不定式用主動形式，如果說話人強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事情本身必須完成，則用被動形式。試比較: there is nothing to do now. (we have nothing to do.) 我們現(xiàn)在沒事干。 there is nothing to be done now. (we can do nothing now.) 現(xiàn)在沒有什么辦法了。 2.在“n/pron + be + adj + to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動形式表達(dá)被動意義。常用的形容詞有easy，difficult，hard，impossible，nice，pleasant，light，heavy，interesting，important，expensive，cheap，fit，dangerous等。he is hard to believe in.the house is comfortable to live in.3.在“too—to do; enough…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動形式表達(dá)被動意義。the problem is too difficult to work out.the house is big enough to live in.4.在“疑問代詞+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中，常用不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。i don’t know what to do next. she will tell you which bus to take.do you know who to go with?4.在“with+n+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中。with nothing to do，he lay in bed.

原創(chuàng)人：北大附中河南分校高一英語組   王萍

點(diǎn)擊被動語態(tài)

——“一般將來時(shí)”篇

▓ 溫故知新 ▓

      在初中時(shí)我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了一般將來時(shí)，這一單元我們來學(xué)習(xí)一般將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)。那么其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是什么呢？先觀察下面的例句（有漢語翻譯的句子都是名言哦），嘗試總結(jié)一下吧！

▓ 例句呈現(xiàn) ▓

1. if you shut your door to all errors, truth will be shutout.

當(dāng)你把所有的錯(cuò)誤都關(guān)在門外時(shí)，真理也要被關(guān)在門外面了。

2. knock and the door shall be opened.

只要敲門，就會有人來開。

3. a friend without faults will never be found.

沒有缺點(diǎn)的朋友是永遠(yuǎn)找不到的。

4. will he be asked to help you?

5. when and where will the meeting be held?

6. which topic is going to be talked about?

7. nothing in life is to be feared. it is only to beunderstood.

生活中沒有什么可怕的東西，只有需要理解的東西。

▓ 小結(jié)歸納 ▓

      從上面的例句我們可以總結(jié)出：

1. 一般將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)的肯定式為: will / shall + be + done。如：句1、2；

2. 一般將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)的否定式為: will / shall + not / never + be +done。如：句3; 

3. 一般將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)的一般疑問式為: will / shall + 主語 + be + done? 如：句4;

4. 一般將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)的特殊疑問式為: 疑問詞 + will / shall + 主語 + be + done?如：句5；

 動詞的被動語態(tài)在語法中起著舉足輕重的作用，也是歷年高考考查的重點(diǎn)。在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)我們應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：一、掌握被動語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)
 動詞的被動語態(tài)是由動詞be加上過去分詞構(gòu)成，時(shí)態(tài)通過be表現(xiàn)出來。如：
 breakfast is provided in our hotel from 7 to 9 o’clock on weekdays.（一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)）
 we haven’t moved into the new house because the rooms are being painted. （現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài)）
 the sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.
（一般將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)）
 two big towers were being built there at that time.
（過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài)）
 my hometown was liberated in 1949 and now it has been turned into a beautiful city.（一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)）
 the doctor has already been sent for.
（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)）
 when firefighters arrived, the big fire had been put out.
（過去完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)）
 二、注意短語動詞的被動語態(tài)
 有不少短語動詞相當(dāng)于及物動詞，所以這些短語動詞亦有被動語態(tài)。如：
 many interesting experiments are carried out in our laboratory.
 he is often made fun of for this by his classmates.
 有些由“動詞 + 名詞 + 介詞”構(gòu)成的短語動詞，變成被動語態(tài)時(shí)可以將其中的名詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。如：
 good use is made of the library.（主動句是：they make good use of the library.）

unit 3　celebration

語法•剖析  ��
被動語態(tài)��
英語語態(tài)有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者；被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。動作的執(zhí)行者,一般由介詞by構(gòu)成的短語來表示。��
被動語態(tài)的形式:be+過去分詞（注意be動詞的適當(dāng)形式要與主語搭配,與時(shí)態(tài)搭配。by是介詞,by后的詞語如果是代詞要用賓格形式。）��
主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法��
1）把原句中的賓語提前用作主語。��
2）把原句中的謂語動詞變成適當(dāng)?shù)谋粍有问健＊?br>3）把原句中的主語用by引導(dǎo)。��
①主動語態(tài):i study english every day.��
被動語態(tài):english is studied（by me）every day.��
②主動語態(tài):i studied english yesterday.��
被動語態(tài):english was studied（by me）yesterday.��
常用的幾種被動語態(tài)��
1）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):am/is/are＋過去分詞。��
2）一般過去時(shí):was/were＋過去分詞��
3）一般將來時(shí):will＋be＋過去分詞��
the programme is operated by villagers. 規(guī)劃由村民們來執(zhí)行。��
the pencils were made of wood. 這些鉛筆是用木材做的。��
the project will be finished by . 這項(xiàng)工程將在前完成。��
使用被動語態(tài)中要注意的幾個(gè)問題��
1）否定詞not的位置��
①在第一個(gè)助動詞之后。如：��
his homework has not been finished.他的家庭作業(yè)沒有完成。��
②如果句中有情態(tài)動詞，就把not放在情態(tài)動詞之后。如：��
it need not be done at once.這事不必馬上辦。��
2）被動語態(tài)中的by sb.與with sth.��
①被動句中，動作的執(zhí)行者一般不出現(xiàn)。如表示，則用by sb.短語，而with sth.短語一般表示“用某種材料”。如：��